Analysis of the Radon-222 Concentration and Physical-chemical Quality, in Drinking Water of Taxco, Guerrero

 

• A. H. Ramírez
  Postgraduate in Natural Resources and Ecology. Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico; Faculty of Earth Sciences. Autonomous University of Guerrero A. P. 197, Taxco Guerrero-40200, Mexico
• O. Talavera
  Postgraduate in Natural Resources and Ecology. Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico; Faculty of Earth Sciences. Autonomous University of Guerrero A. P. 197, Taxco Guerrero-40200, Mexico
• S. Souto
  Postgraduate in Natural Resources and Ecology. Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico; Faculty of Earth Sciences. Autonomous University of Guerrero A. P. 197, Taxco Guerrero-40200, Mexico
• J. I. Golzarri
  Institute of Physics National Autonomous University of Mexico. Scientific Research Circuit s/n, University City. Mexico City-04520, Mexico
• G. Espinosa
  Institute of Physics National Autonomous University of Mexico. Scientific Research Circuit s/n, University City. Mexico City-04520, Mexico

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2020.72026

Keywords: Drinking water, Spring water, Radon, Chemical composition

Abstract

In this work the determination of radon gas (²²²Rn) and the characterization of chemical elements in drinking water of the city Taxco was carried out. Ingesting or inhaling a small number of radionuclides, as well as water of poor chemical quality, can become a potential public health problem. We are collecting 8 samples of water from a spring, physicochemical parameters were measured in field on different days of the dry season. Measurements of ²²²Rn were performed in the laboratory with an AlphaGUARD equipment. The chemical quality was analyzed in laboratory too by means of mayor and minor ions, by volumetry and colorimetry. The sodium was determined by Flama Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). Trace elements were analyzed by were determined by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy with Plasma Coupled by Induction (ICP-AES). The concentrations of ²²²Rn present an average of 22.06 ± 2.52 BqL^-1. The results obtained from the main ions and field parameters show a type of diluted sodium-calcium-bicarbonate water. The trace elements present are very small and not exceed the limit of quantification. Radon gas is produced by the igneous rock that is the top of the stratigraphic column, of the hydric recharge. Rainwater when descending through the fractures is impregnated with ²²²Rn gas and accumulated in the underlying rock that has sufficient porosity to accumulate water and gas in the Chacualco´s spring.

 

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Measurement of Content of 226Ra in Drinking Water From Some States of Mexican Republic by Liquid Scintillation Method

 

• A. Ángeles
  National Institute of Nuclear Research, Mexico-Toluca Highway, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac-52750, State of Mexico, Mexico
• E. Quintero
  National Institute of Nuclear Research, Mexico-Toluca Highway, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac-52750, State of Mexico, Mexico
• I. Gaso
  National Institute of Nuclear Research, Mexico-Toluca Highway, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac-52750, State of Mexico, Mexico
• C. P. Zepeda
  National Institute of Nuclear Research, Mexico-Toluca Highway, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac-52750, State of Mexico, Mexico
• T. Palma
  National Institute of Nuclear Research, Mexico-Toluca Highway, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac-52750, State of Mexico, Mexico
• P. V. Rojas
  National Institute of Nuclear Research, Mexico-Toluca Highway, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac-52750, State of Mexico, Mexico

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2020.72025

Keywords: NORM, Radium, Drinking water, Screening, Radiotoxicity

Abstract

To assess the quality of drinking water in respect to the content of radioactivity, usually is carried out an screening program in the locations of interest, that program consist in pick representative samples of drinking water from the wells in that locations, water samples are analyzed to measuring the gross alpha/beta radioactivity by a low background proportional counter or a liquid scintillation system. When some sample exceeds the normative limit then it must be known which radionuclides are in that sample. Expected radionuclides in water are the NORM (normal occurring radioactive material) from the natural radioactive chains. ²²⁶Ra is frequently present in drinking water and is one of most important radionuclide because its “radiotoxicity”, the WHO [World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking-water Quality, (2016)] recommends a reference level for ²²⁶Ra of 1 Bq/L (the dose coefficient for ²²⁶Ra is 2.8 x 10^-7 Sv/Bq). From a national program of drinking water screening in the Mexican Republic, the samples that exceeded the national normative limits were picked again in the same well and analyzed by LS (liquid Scintillation), using the method of two phases with a not water miscible scintillator cocktail. Results of concentrations of 226Ra from drinking water are presented. In general the content of ²²⁶Ra in drinking water samples was lower that the guide values recommended for the WHO.

 

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Issue

Vol 7 No 2 (2020): Special Issue

 

How to Cite

A. Ángeles; E. Quintero; I. Gaso; C. P. Zepeda; T. Palma; P. V. Rojas. Measurement of Content of 226Ra in Drinking Water From Some States of Mexican Republic by Liquid Scintillation Method. J. Nucl. Phy. Mat. Sci. Rad. A. 2020, 7, 195-201.

 

Structural Variations Induced by Temperature Changes in Rotavirus VP6 Protein Immersed in an Electric Field and Their Effects on Epitopes of The Region 300-396

 

• C. Peña-Negrete
  Molecular Biophysics Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Mexico
• M.A. Fuentes-Acosta
  Molecular Biophysics Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Mexico
• J. Mulia
  Molecular Biophysics Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Mexico
• L.A. Mandujano-Rosas
  Molecular Biophysics Modeling and Prototyping Laboratory, Mexiquense University, S. C., State of Mexico, Mexico
• D. Osorio-González
  Molecular Biophysics Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Mexico

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2020.72024

Keywords: Rotavirus, VP6, Antigenic determinants

Abstract

Rotavirus diarrhea is an infectious intestinal disease that causes about 215 thousand deaths annually in infants under five years old. This virus is formed by three layers of concentric proteins that envelop its genome, from which VP6 structural protein is the most conserved among rotavirus serotypes and an excellent vaccine candidate. Recent studies have shown that structural proteins are susceptible to losing their biological function when their conformation is modified by moderate temperature increments, and in the case of VP6, its antigen efficiency decreases. We performed an in silicoanalysis to identify the structural variations in the epitopes 301-315, 357-366, and 376-384 of the rotavirus VP6 protein -in a hydrated medium- when the temperature is increased from 310 K to 322 K. In the latter state, we applied an electric field equivalent to a low energy laser pulse and calculated the fluctuations per amino acid residue. We identified that the region 301-315 has greater flexibility and density of negative electrical charge; nevertheless, at 322 K it experiences a sudden change of secondary structure that could decrease its efficiency as an antigenic determinant. The applied electric field induces electrical neutrality in the region 357-366, whereas in 376-384 inverts the charge, implying that temperature changes in the range 310 K-322 K are a factor that promotes thermoelectric effects in the VP6 protein epitopes in the region 300-396.

 

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Development and Validation of an X-ray Imaging Detector for Digital Radiography at Low Resolution

 

• Abdiel Ramírez Reyes
  Department of Physics and Mathematics, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, Av. Del Charro 450 Nte. Col. Romero CP Party 32310, Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
• Gerardo Herrera Corral
  Department of Physics of CINVESTAV-IPN, AP 14-740, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, CP-07360, Mexico
• Elsa Ordoñez Casanova
  Department of Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, Av. Del Charro 450 Nte. Cabbage. Romero Party CP-32310, Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
• Héctor Alejandro Trejo Mandujano
  Department of Physics and Mathematics, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, Av. Del Charro 450 Nte. Col. Romero CP Party 32310, Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
• Uzziel Caldiño Herrera
  Department of Physics and Mathematics, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, Av. Del Charro 450 Nte. Col. Romero CP Party 32310, Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2020.72023

Keywords: X-ray detector, Digital radiography, Scintillator, CCD image sensor, Spatial resolution

Abstract

Digital X-ray detectors are required in different sciences and applications, however many high quality devices are expensive although high-resolution images are not always required. We present an easy way to build a detector capable of forming X-ray digital images and video with a very large area (18×18 cm²). The detector is formed by three main components: scintillator, optics lenses and CCD sensor. Basically, the device converts the X-rays into visible light which is then collected by the CCD sensor. The scintillator is Gadox type, from Carestream®, 18×18 cm², regular type, lambda 547 nm. The optics lenses are generic, with manual focus and widely visual field. The CCD sensor has a size of 1/3″, 752 × 582 pixels, monochrome, 20 FPS, 12 bits ADC and pixel size of 3.8 μm. With the built detector and an X-ray source, we formed an X-ray imaging detection system to generate digital radiographs of biological or inert objects-examples are given-, as well as real-time X-ray video. Additionally, the spatial resolution limit was measured in terms of Modulation Transfer Function by the method of opaque edge from a lead sheet with a result of 1.1 Lp/mm. Finally using a filter, the focal spot of the X-ray source is measured, resulting in a diameter of 0.9 mm (FWHM).

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Issue

Vol 7 No 2 (2020): Special Issue

  

How to Cite

Abdiel Ramírez Reyes; Gerardo Herrera Corral; Elsa Ordoñez Casanova; Héctor Alejandro Trejo Mandujano; Uzziel Caldiño Herrera. Development and Validation of an X-Ray Imaging Detector for Digital Radiography at Low Resolution. J. Nucl. Phy. Mat. Sci. Rad. A. 2020, 7, 181-187.

 

Study of the Erosion of Copper by Hot Plasma

 

• R. S. Monzamodeth
  Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), PO Box 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
• B. Campillo
  Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), PO Box 04510 Mexico City, Mexico

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2020.72022

Keywords: Copper, Hot plasma, Erosion, Hardness, Plasma/Wall interactions, Hydrophobic properties

Abstract

An exhaustive study of the erosion process of a copper cathode exposed to a hot plasma column of 2kJ of energy (T≈0.5-2.0keV) and high electron density (n≈1019-1022cm³) was made, as well as, the radiation field of charged and neutral particles. The characterization of the cumulative damage generated by the plasma/cathode interaction was made by the use of metallographic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by the analysis of mechanical properties. Damage accumulation produced by the impacts of deuterium plasma discharge created in the copper electrode a deep cavity similar to a crater, modifying the morphology of the surface and below it. The microhardness Vickers test was carried out making indentations from the final part of the cavity to cover 1 cm with indentations every 200 μm. Different areas of hardening were observed, the profile suggests a hardening/recovery front and simultaneous recrystallization in the sample, phenomenon associated with the heating/cooling cycles to which the copper cathode is subjected. Images were captured by SEM at different distances from the center of the surface. The region that showed involvement at the macro level corresponds to 2/3 of the radius of the sample from the center to the outside. These phenomena studied are important to understand the nature of the plasma/wall interaction in any fusion device.

 

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Issue

Vol 7 No 2 (2020): Special Issue

 

 

 

How to Cite

R. S. Monzamodeth; B. Campillo. Study of the Erosion of Copper by Hot Plasma. J. Nucl. Phy. Mat. Sci. Rad. A. 2020, 7, 173-179.